Table of Contents
ToggleJava Function Methods
功能接口,使用 Lambda 語法,可當作其他方法的傳入參數或是引用其他方法為實例,常用於物件轉換或數字運算,傳入 1 個泛型物件參數,結果傳回泛型物件,可以使用 andThen 、 compose 組合成鏈式判斷,提高了程式碼的可管理性,有助於分別進行單元測試,Function Java Methods 介紹常見的 apply 、 andThen 、 compose 等方法,了解 Function 的不同操作和方法,本篇增加了範例,並透過單元測試來驗證產出結果。
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Function<T, R> {
R apply(T t);
}
檔案目錄
./
+- src
+- test
| +- org
| +- ruoxue
| +- java_147
| +- functional
| +- function
| +- FunctionMethodsTest.java
單元測試
Function Java Methods 提供 apply 、 andThen 、 compose 條件或組合成鏈式判斷等操作 Function 。
apply
建立 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,執行程式邏輯,傳回物件。
@Test
public void apply() {
Function<String, Boolean> startsWith = s -> s.startsWith("B");
boolean result = startsWith.apply("Bacon");
System.out.println(result);
assertTrue(result);
result = startsWith.apply("Ham");
System.out.println(result);
assertFalse(result);
Function<Integer, Boolean> greaterThan = i -> i > 3;
result = greaterThan.apply(5);
System.out.println(result);
assertTrue(result);
result = greaterThan.apply("Ham".length());
System.out.println(result);
assertFalse(result);
}
true
false
true
false
andThen
Function Java Methods 建立 2 個 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,使用 andThen 組合執行程式邏輯,傳回物件,其中若有例外拋出,將會中斷執行。
@Test
public void andThen() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
Function<Double, Double> twice = d -> d * d;
double result = half.andThen(twice).apply(5d);
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(6.25d, result, 2);
Function<String, Integer> length = s -> s.length();
Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
int intResult = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Bacon");
System.out.println(intResult);
assertEquals(10, intResult);
}
6.25
10
andThenThrowException
Function Java Methods 建立 Function 物件,傳入參數 null ,會拋出例外 。
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void andThenThrowException() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
half = half.andThen(null);
}
java.lang.NullPointerException
at java.util.Objects.requireNonNull(Objects.java:203)
at java.util.function.Function.andThen(Function.java:87)
at org.ruoxue.java_147.functional.function.FunctionMethodsTest.andThenThrowException(FunctionMethodsTest.java:48)
compose
Function Java Methods 建立 2 個 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,使用 compose 組合執行程式邏輯,傳回物件,其中若有例外拋出,將會中斷執行。
@Test
public void compose() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
Function<Double, Double> twice = d -> d * d;
double result = half.compose(twice).apply(5d);
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(12.5, result, 2);
}
12.5
composeThrowException
Function Methods in Java 建立 Function 物件,傳入參數 null ,會拋出例外 。
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void composeThrowException() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
half = half.compose(null);
}
java.lang.NullPointerException
at java.util.Objects.requireNonNull(Objects.java:203)
at java.util.function.Function.compose(Function.java:67)
at org.ruoxue.java_147.functional.function.FunctionMethodsTest.composeThrowException(FunctionMethodsTest.java:63)
identity
Function Methods in Java 建立 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,傳回參數。
@Test
public void identity() {
Function<String, String> identity = Function.identity();
String result = identity.apply("Bacon");
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals("Bacon", result);
Object objResult = Function.identity().apply("Ham");
System.out.println(objResult);
assertEquals("Ham", objResult);
Function<Integer, Integer> intIdentity = i -> i;
int intResult = intIdentity.apply(7);
System.out.println(intResult);
assertEquals(7, intResult);
}
Bacon
Ham
7
traditional
Function Methods in Java 使用傳統方式,實作 Function 接口,傳回物件。
public static class Length<E, F> implements Function<String, Integer> {
@Override
public Integer apply(String t) {
return t.length();
}
}
@Test
public void traditional() {
Function<String, Integer> length = new Length<String, Integer>();
Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
int result = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Bacon");
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(10, result);
result = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Ham");
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(6, result);
}
10
6
FunctionMethodsTest.java
Function Methods in Java 新增單元測試,驗證 Function Functions in Java 是否符合預期。
package org.ruoxue.java_147.functional.function;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import java.util.function.Function;
import org.junit.Test;
public class FunctionMethodsTest {
@Test
public void apply() {
Function<String, Boolean> startsWith = s -> s.startsWith("B");
boolean result = startsWith.apply("Bacon");
System.out.println(result);
assertTrue(result);
result = startsWith.apply("Ham");
System.out.println(result);
assertFalse(result);
Function<Integer, Boolean> greaterThan = i -> i > 3;
result = greaterThan.apply(5);
System.out.println(result);
assertTrue(result);
result = greaterThan.apply("Ham".length());
System.out.println(result);
assertFalse(result);
}
@Test
public void andThen() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
Function<Double, Double> twice = d -> d * d;
double result = half.andThen(twice).apply(5d);
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(6.25d, result, 2);
Function<String, Integer> length = s -> s.length();
Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
int intResult = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Bacon");
System.out.println(intResult);
assertEquals(10, intResult);
}
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void andThenThrowException() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
half = half.andThen(null);
}
@Test
public void compose() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
Function<Double, Double> twice = d -> d * d;
double result = half.compose(twice).apply(5d);
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(12.5, result, 2);
}
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void composeThrowException() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
half = half.compose(null);
}
@Test
public void identity() {
Function<String, String> identity = Function.identity();
String result = identity.apply("Bacon");
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals("Bacon", result);
Object objResult = Function.identity().apply("Ham");
System.out.println(objResult);
assertEquals("Ham", objResult);
Function<Integer, Integer> intIdentity = i -> i;
int intResult = intIdentity.apply(7);
System.out.println(intResult);
assertEquals(7, intResult);
}
public static class Length<E, F> implements Function<String, Integer> {
@Override
public Integer apply(String t) {
return t.length();
}
}
@Test
public void traditional() {
Function<String, Integer> length = new Length<String, Integer>();
Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
int result = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Bacon");
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(10, result);
result = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Ham");
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(6, result);
}
}
心得分享
Function Functions in Java 屬於 java.util.function ,常用於物件轉換或數字運算,例如:取得字串長度、數字加減乘除運算, 使用 Lambda 表達式能讓程式碼更加簡潔與直接,取代傳統實作接口的方法,減少了很多程式碼,大幅提高可讀性, Function Methods in Java 提供更清晰、更易讀且更靈活的方式來組合多個 Function 條件,來表示非常複雜的邏輯條件,如: apply 、 andThen 、 compose 等,提供了幾種 Function 常見範例。