Table of Contents
ToggleFunction in Java with Examples
只有一個抽象方法的接口,定義了 apply 方法,可以在一個元素上測試或應用一些操作,常用於物件轉換或數字運算,取代傳統實作接口的方法,讓程式碼更加簡潔和易讀, Function in Java 本篇增加了範例,並透過單元測試來驗證產出結果。
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Function<T, R> {
R apply(T t);
}
檔案目錄
./
+- src
+- test
| +- org
| +- ruoxue
| +- java_147
| +- functional
| +- function
| +- FunctionWithExamplesTest.java
單元測試
Function Java 提供 apply 、 andThen 、 compose 條件或組合成鏈式判斷等操作 Function 。
Food
建立 Food 類別,覆寫 equals 、 hashCode ,定義屬性和方法,用來建立一個物件。
@NoArgsConstructor
@Getter
@Setter
@Builder
public static class Food {
private String name;
private double quantity;
private int type;
public Food(String name, double quantity, int type) {
this.name = name;
this.quantity = quantity;
this.type = type;
}
public String toString() {
ToStringBuilder builder = new ToStringBuilder(this, ToStringStyle.JSON_STYLE);
builder.appendSuper(super.toString());
builder.append("name", name);
builder.append("quantity", quantity);
builder.append("type", type);
return builder.toString();
}
public boolean equals(Object object) {
if (!(object instanceof Food)) {
return false;
}
if (this == object) {
return true;
}
Food other = (Food) object;
return new EqualsBuilder().append(getName(), other.getName()).isEquals();
}
public int hashCode() {
return new HashCodeBuilder().append(getName()).toHashCode();
}
}
apply
建立 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,執行程式邏輯,傳回物件。
@Test
public void apply() {
Function<Food, Boolean> startsWith = o -> o.name.startsWith("B");
boolean result = startsWith.apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertTrue(result);
result = startsWith.apply(new Food("Ham", 3, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertFalse(result);
Function<Food, Boolean> greaterThan = o -> o.name.length() > 3;
result = greaterThan.apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertTrue(result);
result = greaterThan.apply(new Food("Ham", 3, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertFalse(result);
}
true
false
true
false
andThen
Function Java Methods 建立 2 個 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,使用 andThen 組合執行程式邏輯,傳回物件,其中若有例外拋出,將會中斷執行。
@Test
public void andThen() {
Function<Food, Double> half = d -> d.quantity / 2;
Function<Double, Double> twice = d -> d * d;
double result = half.andThen(twice).apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(0.25d, result, 2);
Function<Food, Integer> length = s -> s.name.length();
Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
int intResult = length.andThen(multiply).apply(new Food("Ham", 3, 1));
System.out.println(intResult);
assertEquals(6, intResult);
}
0.25
6
andThenThrowException
Function Java Methods 建立 Function 物件,傳入參數 null ,會拋出例外 。
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void andThenThrowException() {
Function<Food, Double> half = d -> d.quantity / 2;
half = half.andThen(null);
}
java.lang.NullPointerException
at java.util.Objects.requireNonNull(Objects.java:203)
at java.util.function.Function.andThen(Function.java:87)
at org.ruoxue.java_147.functional.function.FunctionWithExamplesTest.andThenThrowException(FunctionWithExamplesTest.java:96)
compose
Function Java Methods 建立 2 個 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,使用 compose 組合執行程式邏輯,傳回物件,其中若有例外拋出,將會中斷執行。
@Test
public void compose() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
Function<Food, Double> twice = d -> d.quantity * d.quantity;
double result = half.compose(twice).apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(0.5, result, 2);
}
0.5
composeThrowException
Function Methods in Java 建立 Function 物件,傳入參數 null ,會拋出例外 。
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void composeThrowException() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
half = half.compose(null);
}
java.lang.NullPointerException
at java.util.Objects.requireNonNull(Objects.java:203)
at java.util.function.Function.compose(Function.java:67)
at org.ruoxue.java_147.functional.function.FunctionWithExamplesTest.composeThrowException(FunctionWithExamplesTest.java:111)
identity
Function Methods in Java 建立 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,傳回參數。
@Test
public void identity() {
Function<Food, Food> identity = Function.identity();
Food result = identity.apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals("Bacon", result.getName());
Object objResult = Function.identity().apply(new Food("Ham", 2, 1));
System.out.println(objResult);
assertEquals("Ham", ((Food) objResult).getName());
Function<Integer, Integer> intIdentity = i -> i;
int intResult = intIdentity.apply(7);
System.out.println(intResult);
assertEquals(7, intResult);
}
{"name":"Bacon","quantity":1.0,"type":1}
{"name":"Ham","quantity":2.0,"type":1}
7
traditional
Function Methods in Java 使用傳統方式,實作 Function 接口,傳回物件。
public static class Length<E, F> implements Function<Food, Integer> {
@Override
public Integer apply(Food t) {
return t.getName().length();
}
}
@Test
public void traditional() {
Function<Food, Integer> length = new Length<Food, Integer>();
Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
int result = length.andThen(multiply).apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(10, result);
result = length.andThen(multiply).apply(new Food("Ham", 3, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(6, result);
}
10
6
FunctionWithExamplesTest.java
Function in Java 新增單元測試,驗證 Java Function Example 是否符合預期。
package org.ruoxue.java_147.functional.function;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import java.util.function.Function;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.EqualsBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.HashCodeBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringStyle;
import org.junit.Test;
import lombok.Builder;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
public class FunctionWithExamplesTest {
@NoArgsConstructor
@Getter
@Setter
@Builder
public static class Food {
private String name;
private double quantity;
private int type;
public Food(String name, double quantity, int type) {
this.name = name;
this.quantity = quantity;
this.type = type;
}
public String toString() {
ToStringBuilder builder = new ToStringBuilder(this, ToStringStyle.JSON_STYLE);
builder.appendSuper(super.toString());
builder.append("name", name);
builder.append("quantity", quantity);
builder.append("type", type);
return builder.toString();
}
public boolean equals(Object object) {
if (!(object instanceof Food)) {
return false;
}
if (this == object) {
return true;
}
Food other = (Food) object;
return new EqualsBuilder().append(getName(), other.getName()).isEquals();
}
public int hashCode() {
return new HashCodeBuilder().append(getName()).toHashCode();
}
}
@Test
public void apply() {
Function<Food, Boolean> startsWith = o -> o.name.startsWith("B");
boolean result = startsWith.apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertTrue(result);
result = startsWith.apply(new Food("Ham", 3, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertFalse(result);
Function<Food, Boolean> greaterThan = o -> o.name.length() > 3;
result = greaterThan.apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertTrue(result);
result = greaterThan.apply(new Food("Ham", 3, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertFalse(result);
}
@Test
public void andThen() {
Function<Food, Double> half = d -> d.quantity / 2;
Function<Double, Double> twice = d -> d * d;
double result = half.andThen(twice).apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(0.25d, result, 2);
Function<Food, Integer> length = s -> s.name.length();
Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
int intResult = length.andThen(multiply).apply(new Food("Ham", 3, 1));
System.out.println(intResult);
assertEquals(6, intResult);
}
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void andThenThrowException() {
Function<Food, Double> half = d -> d.quantity / 2;
half = half.andThen(null);
}
@Test
public void compose() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
Function<Food, Double> twice = d -> d.quantity * d.quantity;
double result = half.compose(twice).apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(0.5, result, 2);
}
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void composeThrowException() {
Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
half = half.compose(null);
}
@Test
public void identity() {
Function<Food, Food> identity = Function.identity();
Food result = identity.apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals("Bacon", result.getName());
Object objResult = Function.identity().apply(new Food("Ham", 2, 1));
System.out.println(objResult);
assertEquals("Ham", ((Food) objResult).getName());
Function<Integer, Integer> intIdentity = i -> i;
int intResult = intIdentity.apply(7);
System.out.println(intResult);
assertEquals(7, intResult);
}
public static class Length<E, F> implements Function<Food, Integer> {
@Override
public Integer apply(Food t) {
return t.getName().length();
}
}
@Test
public void traditional() {
Function<Food, Integer> length = new Length<Food, Integer>();
Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
int result = length.andThen(multiply).apply(new Food("Bacon", 1, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(10, result);
result = length.andThen(multiply).apply(new Food("Ham", 3, 1));
System.out.println(result);
assertEquals(6, result);
}
}
心得分享
Java Function Example 功能接口,使用 Lambda 語法,可當作其他方法的傳入參數或是引用其他方法為實例, Java Function 提供了幾種 Function 常見方法的操作範例,例如: apply 、 andThen 、 compose 等方法。